Nuevo párrafo

Nuevo párrafo

ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ?

ืงื•ืจืก ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช. ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื

Nuevo párrafo

ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื

ืื•ื“ื•ืช

ืฉืžื™ ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื ืงืœ ื”ืจื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ ืงืœื™ื ื™ , ื ื˜ื•ืจื•ืคืช, ืืจื•ืžืชืจืคื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ , ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื‘ื•ื ื” , ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืจื•ืงื— ื˜ื‘ืขื™.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื’ื ืจืคื•ืื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ื“ืจื›ื” ื ื—ืฉืคืชื™ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืžืื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื›ื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืื•ื ืื ื™ืช (ืขืจื‘ื™ืช-ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช) ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”ืจ, ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“. ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื ืฉืชื›ื— ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืคื–ืจื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื›ืจ.

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืกืคืจื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ืœืชืจื’ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ "ื”ืคืื–ืœ" ื”ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืคื–ืจ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ ืจืคื•ืื”, ืจื•ืงื—ื•ืช, ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื•ืœืจืคื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื”.

ืœืจื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืคื•ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื•ื›ืŸ. ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื ื•ื›ืŸ? ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•.

ืงืจื ืขื•ื“

ื‘ืก"ื“

ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช  - ืžื‘ื•ื                                                                                                       

ื—ืœืง 1                                                                                                                

 ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื” .ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืฉ, ืจื•ื—, ืžื™ื ื•ืขืคืจ ื•ืžืืจื‘ืข ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ,ื—ื•ื, ืงื•ืจ, ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ื•ืจืžืช ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื“ื ืžืกืชืขืฃ ืžืชืคืชื— ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืขื“ ืœืจืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื•-ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืคืงื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” : ื“ื•ืžื , ืฆื•ืžื—, ื—ื™ ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ื•ืช - 7 ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ื• 12 ื”ืžื–ืœื•ืช.

ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืกื™ื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื•ืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืงืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืžื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” , ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืื“ื.


ื—ืœืง 2                                                                                                                                       

ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืœืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืœืœื™ื : ื™ืฆื™ืจื” , ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื”.         ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืงืœ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืจืง ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ : ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื”. ื‘ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” : ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ \ ื”ื™ืžืžื” , ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ \ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” , ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื™ืจื— \ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ , ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื \ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื , ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ \ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืžืจื•ืช ื•ื›"ื•.


ื—ืœืง 3

ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืš ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื ื•ื— ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœื”ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื . ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”" ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื”ื–ื”ืจ" ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืงื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื•ืœืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื , ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืžืฆื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ืœืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช – ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื™ืจืฉื• ืžื”ื ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื.

ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”18 . ื‘ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื™ืช-ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.

 

ืžื”ื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช?

"ืืœื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ืขืคืจ ื•ืืฉ ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืจื•ื—,
ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ืงืจ ื•ื—ื ื•ืœื— ื•ื™ื‘ืฉ..."

(ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกืฃ ื”ืจื•ืคื)

ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืœืฉื ื™, ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื” ื•ื ืคืฉ (ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฉืŸ) , ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืกื™ื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”.

ื‘ืก"ื“                                                                                                   

ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ - ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ื—ืœืง ื)

ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื•ืจื’ืข . ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื–ื•ืจืžืช ื‘ื“ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ื”ืžืจืฉืชืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ . ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื, ืื•ืžื ื  ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ ื—ื•ื ืืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืš ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ . ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืจื‘ื™ื” ื•ื›"ื•. ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื“ื : ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ (1) ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช (2) . ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืชื ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื. ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื›ืžืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื“ื ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืžื–ื’ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“, ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ืกื™ื , ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ  ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ืฉื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืžืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ ื—ื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืื• ืžื“ ื—ื•ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™.                 

ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืžืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื™ ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ืœืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืชื” ืžื“ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ . 

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ . ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื , ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• : ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืจืคื™ื” , ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื–, ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืกื’ื™ืจื” , ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื•ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื›"ื•.                                                 

ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ (3) ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ (4). ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืžืจื•ืช. ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื–ื•ื ื” , ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืืงืœื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืจื•ืช , ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช , ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ืช. ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืœื‘ ื•ืžืฉื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (5) ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช (ืืฉ ืจื•ื— ืžื™ื ื•ืขืคืจ) ื•ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ืžืจื•ืช (ื“ื ืœื™ื—ื” ืžืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืžืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”) . 

ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจ ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ , ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืฉื” , ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช.

ืœื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื” ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ื•ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืคื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืงืœื™ื ,ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืฉื ื” , ื’ื™ืœ ื•ืžื™ืŸ . ื•ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ืจื’ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืช (ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืงื™ืฅ) ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ื–ื•ืจืžืช ืžื”ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจืจืช ื•ืžืื•ื–ื ืช, ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื

 ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœื›ืŸ ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืข"ื”.


ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื :                                                                                                                                   1- ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ -  ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืจืข ืœื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื ื”ืื ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืœื“ ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•.

2- ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช - ื”ื™ื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช , ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ (ืชืื™ื , ืจืงืžื•ืช, ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื , ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื•ื›ื•).

3- ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื - ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื–ื’ื• ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช : ื—ื•ื ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ื—ื•ื ืœื— .

4- ื”ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ - ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื“ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื“ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื .

5- ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช - ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืœื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืฉืื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื , ืื•ืžื ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ , ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืชืŸ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” . ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืืฉืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืœื‘ , ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื•ื›ืš ืžื˜ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื“ื ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื–ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืขื”.

 

                                                  ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™  (ื—ืœืง ื‘)                                                             ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช 

ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื , ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืก ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืคืฉ . ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืชื—ื™ื” ื•ืฉืชื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื : ื—ื•ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืช , ื›ืš ื’ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื™ื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื•ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ . ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื“ื ื ืงืจื ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื . ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืžืชืคืชื— ื”ื•ืœื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.                                                                                                         

                                                        ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช                                                                  ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช , ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช .  ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ืขื ื”ื–ืจืข , ื”ื™ื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื. ืื•ืชื” ืชืžืฆื™ืช, ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช, ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืฉืœืžื” . ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ืžื–ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืฉื‘ืื“ื. ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ืœืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื ื“ื•ืžื ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื™ ืžืชื ื•ืขืข , ืžืชืคืชื—, ืžื–ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื”. ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ืžืขืฆื ืกื‘ื™ืœ ื•ื“ื•ืžื ืœืขืฆื ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืžืชืคืชื— ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

                                                                                                                                                                                              ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ 

ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืฆื ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืœื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื ืœื ืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” : 1- ื”ืกืคืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื“ื ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช. 2- ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžื–ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืจืงืžื•ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช.  3- ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ื–ื ืช (ื”ื•ืžืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก).  4- ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื. 5- ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื•ืช . 6- ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, 7- ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” .

ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ , ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื . ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ื•ื— ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ืœื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ืžืคืงื— ืขืœื™ื• . ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืฉืžื ื™ืข ื•ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ (ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื) . ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ . ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื ืจื“ืคื™ื , ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื”ืคืš . ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ ื—ื•ื 36.7 , ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืš ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืืœื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืžื-ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืคืง , ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช, ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ , ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ , ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืžื’ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ.   


                                                     ืงืฉืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื

ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื . ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื  ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ื“ื ื•ืœื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช . ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ืœืžื–ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื•ื•ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ืงื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืžื™ืจ ืืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ืžืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืชืจ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”  ืœืœื ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™.                                  

ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ "ืงืฉืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™" ืื“ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” . ื ืจ ืฉื“ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ืฉืžืŸ , ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืจืง ืฉื”ืืฉ ื“ื•ืœืงืช ืœืœื ืืฉ ืœืฉืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื›ื "ืœ ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืฉ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืœืœื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืชื‘ืขืจื” ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืžืื“ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืœืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืืฉ, ืืฉ ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื›ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืžื”ืจ ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื™ื ื™ ืื ื”ืคืชื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืกืคื•ื’ื” ื™ืชืจ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืืฉ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืื—ื– ื‘ื” ื•ืœื“ืœื•ืง. ื›ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื , ืื ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืื“ื ื™ืงืžืœ ื•ื”ืชื™ื‘ืฉ , ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืื– ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ (ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื) ืชืชืงืจืจ ื•ืชื™ืขืœื ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื—"ื•. ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ื•ืงื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื ื•ืืœื” ืžืฉืคืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืช .   

                   


ื‘ืก"ื“

 ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ (ื—ืœืง ื’)

ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ 

ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื) ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื—ืžื” ืื• ืงืจื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื—ื ืคื•ืœืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ  , ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื”ื–ืจ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืคื•ืœืฉ "ื—ื" ื•ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ื—ื•ื ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช: 1- ื—ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ื—ื•ื , ื—ื•ื ืžื˜ื”ืจ ื—ื•ื.  2- ื”ื—ื•ื ืžืžื™ืก ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ , ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™. ื”ื—ื•ื ื’ื ืžื“ืœืœ ื•ืžื˜ื”ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืขื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช (ืจืขืœื ื™ื) ืฉื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•. ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื–ื•ื ื ืงืจืืช ื—ื•ื ื–ืจ, ืื ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื–ืจ ื ืžืฉืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืฆื‘ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.  ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ "ืฉืžืชื’ื™ื™ืก" ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื’ื ื” "ื•ื ืœื—ื" ื ื’ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืคื•ืœืฉ . ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืจืขืœื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” (ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืจืขืœื™ื). ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ "ืžื’ื™ื™ืก" ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ. ื”ืžื’ื•ื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ  ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.                          ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ื—ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืจืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื . ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืžื™ืก ื•ืžืกืœืง ืจืขืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืจ , ืžืกืœืง ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ืฉื•ืจืฃ ื•ืžื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื’ืจืฉ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืจ  (ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืงื•ืจ , ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื)  .

ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืคื•ืœืฉ ืงืจ

 ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืฉ ืงืจ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื—ืœืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืชืงืจืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•-ืฉืœื‘ื™ : 1  - ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ, 2- ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ (ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื•ื ื–ืจ) ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื•ืืฃ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžืฆื˜ื ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”,  ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ "ื ืกื•ื’" ืžืืชืจ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืงื• ื”ื’ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ . ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช ืœื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฃ \ื ื–ืœืช(ืจื™ื ื™ื˜ื™ืก) , ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ื’ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื (ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื- ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื˜ื™ืก), ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ (ืœืจื™ื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืก) ื•ื›"ื• , ื ื•ื›ื— "ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื”" ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื–ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช . ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืฉื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ืขื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ืคื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. 

ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื

ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจ , ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช ืœืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช , ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฃ , ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ, ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืงื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื ื–ืœืช ื•ืœื™ื—ื” (ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืจืช ื”ืœื™ื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”) ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจื™ื, ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจ ื•ื›"ื• .

ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืคื•ืœืฉ ื”ืงืจ

 ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืืžืฅ ืื“ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจ. ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืจืง ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืžื” . ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ื•ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื . ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืื“ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ื‘ื“ื , ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ,ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ืฆืžื, ืจืืฉ ื‘ื•ืขืจ, ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืชืŸ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื›ื”ื” ื•ื›"ื•. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื : 1- ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ , ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื—ื•ืœืคืช ืœื” ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื”. 2- ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ .ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืืฃ ื—ื•ืœืฉืชื• ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ืœื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ืš "ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ" ืขื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื’ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช . ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ , ืชื™ืงื• ื•ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื”ื–ืจ.                                                                     

ื—ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ

ื—ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื ืข ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ , ืžื•ื ืข ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื, ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื•ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื ื—ืœืฉ ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืฆื‘ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืจื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืคื’ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืจื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:                        1- ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื–ื ื” 2- ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. 

ื—ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ

ื—ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคื’ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื , ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืจืงืžื•ืช , ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื•ื›"ื•. ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื” ื•ื—ืžื” , ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื ื” . ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ,ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืขืคืข ืœืชืื™ื ื•ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ,ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื•ืœืงื“ื ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื , ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืจืงืžื•ืช ื•ื›"ื•.                                                                          ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื”

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืžื™ืก ื•ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืงืจ . ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืชื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• , ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื—ื•ื ืžืื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื” , ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื ืคื ื™ืžื™. ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื , ืžืจืช ื”ืœื™ื—ื” ื•ืžืจื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืื™ื•ื ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. 

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ื‘ืก"ื“

                          ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ - ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ืœืง ื“                                                                    ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ

ืขืœื™ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืกื™ื‘ืชื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื–ืขื–ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ื“ื. ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ (ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ) ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื“ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ื•ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื“ื ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื . ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืืœื ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื ื–ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื” ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.

ืขืœื™ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ , ื”ืงืื•ืช , ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ , ื—ื•ืœืฉื” . ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื ืงืจื ืงื“ื—ืช, ืžื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื ืžืื“ , ืœื•ื”ื˜ ืื• ืจื•ืชื— ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื”ืืฉ ืื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืจื•ืชื— ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ื.                                                                                                                      ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืชื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืœื ืชืกืžื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื” ื•ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื•ืชื• ืื“ื , ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืœืง ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.                     

ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™

ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ืื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืจื’ืฉื™ , ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื™ืชืจ , ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ื•ืœื ืจืžืœ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืงืจืจื™ื. ืื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืชื ืื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื (ื—ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช) ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื•ืœื—ื™ื. ืื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ืจื– ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื”. ื–ื™ืจื•ื– ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™, ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื ื”ื ื’ื ืžื–ืจื–ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื”. ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ื“ื (ืจืื” ืžืืžืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ) ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื—ื•ื ื”ื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืœืง ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื—ื•ื ืœื—ื•ื ื”ื“ื. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช (1) (ืจืขืœื™ื\ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ื ื™ื) ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ : ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ื“ื (ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื“ื),

ืžืจื•ืช ื ืคืกื“ื•ืช (2) ืฉืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืžื–ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืฉืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืชื ื”, ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ, ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืžืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื• ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื—ื“ืจื• ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ื•ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืคืจืงื™ื

ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ืคื” ืื• ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื•ืœื”ืขืœื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ , ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืœื ืฉื•ื‘ . ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชื ื”ืœืช ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชืื–ืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”. ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืก. ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืฉืื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.  ื—ื•ื ืžืชืžืฉืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื(3) ื”ื ื’ืจื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื . ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื. ื—ื•ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื – ืžื•ื—, ืœื‘, ื›ื‘ื“, ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”. ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ,ืœื–ืงืง, ื•ืœื ืงื– ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช \ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ื—ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื (4) ื•ืคืจืงื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืœืžืฉื ื”ื• ื ืงืจื ืชืช-ื”ื—ื•ื(5)

ืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ : 1- ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ื›ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื—ื–ืง ื—ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื• ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. 2- ืกื•ื’ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ื”ืจ ื•ืœืžืจืง, ื›ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื ืขื‘ื•ืช ื•ืงืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ. 3- ืžื–ื’ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ื›ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืžื–ื’ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™

ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืงื•ืจื• ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• :                  1- ื—ื•ื ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืื• ืžืฆื‘ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ื ืคืฉื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,

 2- ื—ื•ื ืžืขื•ืคืฉ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื , 3- ื—ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื—ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื. ื—ื•ื ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ : 1- ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ื ืื• ืงื•ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืื• ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืื• ืงืจื™ื ืžืื“ , ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. 2- ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืขื›ืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื›ื• 3- ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฉืชื™ื” ื—ืžื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™. 4- ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื. 5- ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื™ืชืจื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืขืก ืื• ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ , ืฉืžื—ื” ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช , ื›ืื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื›"ื•. ื”ื—ื•ื ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจ 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœื ืžืจืื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ , ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืชื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ , ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืขื™ื ื•ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืช. ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื‘ืจื™ื— ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืื• ื”ืฆื•ืื” .              ื—ื•ื ืžืขื•ืคืฉ                                                                      

ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช :

 1- ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืจื” ืื—ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ . 2- ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืขื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืช . 3-ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืช . 4- ื—ืกื™ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื•ืช. 5- ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื’ืจื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืจื”. ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ืจื•ืง ืžืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื: 1- ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™, 2- ื—ื•ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื ืœื 3- ื”ื—ื•ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื. ืื ื”ื—ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื "ืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืจื” ืื—ืช, ืืœ-ืžื–ื’ (6) ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” .                                                                                           

ื™ืฉื ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ืžืขื•ืคืฉ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื: 1-ื—ื•ื ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืื• ื ื’ื™ืคื™. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืฉืš ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืคืกืง ืฉืœ ืชืช-ื”ื—ื•ื.                                                              2- ื—ื•ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื”\ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” . ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื ืœื.

3- ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืœื™ื—ื”\ืžืจื” ืœื‘ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื ืขืœื ื•ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืฉื•ื‘.                                                                                                  4- ื—ื•ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื. ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืจื” ืฉื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ. ืคืจืงื™ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื’ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืจื”.

ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืžืจืช ื”ืœื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฆืžื™ื’ื” ื•ื’ืกื” ืžืื“ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ืžื™ืก ื•ืœื ืงื– ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื“"ื› ืคืจืง ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื—ื” ื”ื•ื 18 ืฉืขื•ืช.

ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ื•ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื—ื” ืœื›ืŸ ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“"ื› 24 ืฉืขื•ืช.

ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” (ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”\ื™ืจื•ืงื”) ื”ื•ื ื“ืงื” ื•ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืŸ ืคืจืง ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“"ื› 12 ืฉืขื•ืช. 

ื—ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื—ืช

ื—ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื—ืช ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ : 1- ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, 2- ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื–ื’ื ื—ื ืžืื“ . ื—ื•ื ืงื“ื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื•ืคื ื™ื :

 1- ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื , 2- ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื– ื”ื—ื•ื ืžืžืœื ืืช ื—ืœืœ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช , 3- ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืคื–ืจืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื—ืช.

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืงื“ื—ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ : ื—ื•ื ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืื• ืžืฆื‘ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื—ื•ื ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื , ื—ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื—ืช ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.  ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ื•ื ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืœื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื•ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื—ื•ืžื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื—ื•ื ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ืžืขื•ืคืฉ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืœื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ืžืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื , ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ืžื—ืžื ืื•ืชื . ื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื—ื•ื ืžืขื•ืคืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืœื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื’ื• ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•.

ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™

ื—ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื—ืช ื ืงืจื ื’ื ื—ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื•ื ื™ ืื• ืจื™ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืชื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืชื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืจื“. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื—ืช ื ืžืฉืš 48 ืฉืขื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื ื ืขืœื , 36 ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ื ื ืขืœื ื•12 ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” . ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• 3 ืขื“ 4 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื.   

ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” \ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ื”ืคื›ืช ืœืงืจื” ื•ืœื—ื” . ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื ืกืคื’ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ื–ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ . ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ. ื—ื•ื ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 72 ืฉืขื•ืช , ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ 18 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื 54 ืฉืขื•ืช.


ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.

1 - ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช. ืคืกื•ืœืช ื•ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื , ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื•ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื .

2 - ืžืจื•ืช ื ืคืกื“ื•ืช . ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ ืžืื—ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ : ื“ื , ืœื™ื—ื”, ืžืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืžืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”.

3- ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื ืœืœื—ื•ืช , ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื“ื ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื. ืขื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื .

4- ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื.  ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช paroxysm , ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช paroxismo de la fiebre.

5- ืชืช-ื”ื—ื•ื. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช rigor .

6- ืืœ- ืžื–ื’ . ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ืžื–ื’ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืชืขืจืขืจ ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืช.

7- ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช . ื”ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ืขืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ : ื—ื•ื ื•ืงื•ืจ , ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ.



ื‘ืก"ื“

ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช


ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื•ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืจืจ ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ื—ื” (1)


ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื . ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื”ื ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื•ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืคืกื•ืœืช ื•ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.


ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื•ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื , ืชืขืœื•ืช

 

ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื , ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกืชื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื , ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืฆื ืขืฉื™ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืคื’ื™ืข


ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื  ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืื•ื–ื ืช , ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืœืฉ


ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื (2) ื›ื“ื™

 

ืฉื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื ืคืกื“ื•ืช(ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช)  ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื›ืœ

 

ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ื“ื, ืœื™ื—ื”\ ืžืจื” ืœื‘ื ื”, ืžืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื”\ ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื•ืžืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”)


ื•ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ .ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืžืชื ืงื–ื•ืช ืœื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื“ื ื•ืžื•ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ.



ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื :


1- ืฆื•ืื” - ืžื•ืฆืงื”. 


2- ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•- ื—ืžืฆื ื™ - ื’ื–.


3- ื–ื™ืขื” – ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช. 

           

4- ืฉืชืŸ - ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช .


5- ืจื•ืง - ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช.


6- ืœื™ื—ื” - ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช.


7- ื“ืžืขื•ืช- ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช.


8- ื•ืกืช – ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช.


9- ืฉืขื•ื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื- ืžื•ืฆืงื”.


 

ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืจื•ืช


1- ืฆื•ืื” – ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื. ืขื™ืงืจ  ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื


ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืื™ ื“ื "ื–ืงื ื™ื" ืžื”ื˜ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื“. ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื , ื”ื˜ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื“.


2- ืฉืชืŸ – ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื“ื . ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ . ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ (ื›ืœื™ื•ืช


ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉืชืŸ)


3- ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” – ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื ืฉืืฃ , ื—ื ืœื— ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ื˜ืขื . ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช.


4- ื–ื™ืขื” – ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื , ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืื“ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ื“ืงื”  . ืื™ื‘ืจ


ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืขื•ืจ .


5- ืจื•ืง – ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื ืคืกื“ื•ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”  .ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืคื”.


6– ื•ืกืช- ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืจื—ื ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื . ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจื—ื.


 

ืื•ืคืŸ ืื‘ื—ื ืชื


ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืœืื‘ื—ื ืช ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืื‘ื—ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืชืจ ื”ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื

 

ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ . ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืื‘ื—ื ื” : ืจืื™ื” , ืฉืžื™ืขื” , ื”ืจื—ื” , ื˜ืขื


ื•ืžื™ืฉื•ืฉ . ื›ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื•ืกื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™ื• ื›ืš ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.



ื“ื : ืขื™ืงืจ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื•. ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช. (3)


ืœื™ื—ื” : ืขื™ืงืจ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื‘ืžืจืงื .ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื‘ื—ื ืช ื”ืœื™ื—ื” ืืœื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืฉื•.

ืฉืชืŸ : ืขื™ืงืจ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื‘ืจื™ื—. ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.


ืฆื•ืื” : ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข , ืจื™ื— ื•ื‘ืžืจืงื ื™ื‘ืฉ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ื›"ื•.


ื–ื™ืขื”: ืขื™ืงืจ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื— .



ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื :


1- ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ - ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ


 ื”ืจืžื•ืช. ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื›ืœืœื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ืŸ.  ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืž : ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™


ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžืฆื‘ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื ื™ , ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื™ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืžื•ืช ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื” ืขื“


 ืœื”ื’ืขืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ . ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืฉ ื—ื ื•ื™ื‘ืฉ. ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง , ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื— ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ


ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื , ืชืื™ื ื•ืจืงืžื•ืช , ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืื—ื“ ื•ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ .


 ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื’ื” ื•ืงืจื™ืฉื”, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขืคืจ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ืงืจ. ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ื—ื” , ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืื—ืจืื™


ืขืœ ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ืคืจืฉืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื , ืงืจ ื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘.


ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืจืจ , ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื ืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆืืชื


ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ . ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจื•ื— ืœื— ื•ื—ื.


2- ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื – ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื• ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืชืคืงื“


 ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” .


3- ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื“ื - ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื–ืช ื“ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ


 ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืœื”ืงื–ืช ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.


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